2014 Lamborghini Aventador Lp720 4 50th Anniversario

2014 Lamborghini Aventador Lp720 4 50th Anniversario

Aspect of history

Lamborghini Countach LP5000 QV, Lamborghini Diablo SV and Lamborghini Murciélago

Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury automobiles. Lamborghini's production facility and headquarters are located in Sant'Agata Bolognese, Italy. Italian manufacturing magnate Ferruccio Lamborghini founded the company in 1963 with the objective of producing a refined grand touring car to compete with offerings from established marques such as Ferrari. The company's first models were introduced in the mid-1960s and were noted for their refinement, power and comfort. Lamborghini gained wide acclaim in 1966 for the Miura sports coupé, which established rear mid-engine, rear wheel drive as the standard layout for high-performance cars of the era.

Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first decade, but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis. Ferruccio Lamborghini sold ownership of the company to Georges-Henri Rossetti and René Leimer and retired in 1974. The company went bankrupt in 1978, and was placed in the receivership of brothers Jean-Claude and Patrick Mimran in 1980, who purchased the company for US$3 million, renaming it Nuova Automobili Lamborghini SpA. As CEO and President, Patrick Mimran invested heavily in the company's expansion, and was later credited as being the man who saved Lamborghini. Under his management, Lamborghini's model line was expanded from the Countach to include the Jalpa entry-level sports car and the LM002 high performance off-road vehicle.

Patrick Mimran sold Lamborghini to the Chrysler Corporation in 1987 for US$25 million. After replacing the Countach with the Diablo and discontinuing the Jalpa and the LM002, Chrysler sold Lamborghini to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994. In 1998, Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the group's Audi division. New products and model lines were introduced to the brand's portfolio and this increased productivity for the brand.

1963–1972 – Ferruccio Lamborghini [edit]

Early 1950s – Start-up and 350GT [edit]

The Lamborghini V12 engine, designed by Giotto Bizzarrini found its use in Lamborghini Automobiles for over 50 years

Prior to founding his company, Lamborghini had commissioned the engineering firm Società Autostar to design a V12 engine for use in his new cars. Lamborghini wanted the engine to have a similar displacement to Ferrari's 3-litre V12; however, he wanted the engine to be designed purely for road use, in contrast to the modified racing engines used by Ferrari in its road cars. Autostar was led by Giotto Bizzarrini, a member of the "Gang of Five" of Ferrari engineers, who had been responsible for creating the famous Ferrari 250 GTO, but left the company in 1961 after founder Enzo Ferrari announced his intention to reorganise the engineering staff.^[1] The engine Bizzarrini designed, known today as the Lamborghini V12, had a displacement of 3.5 litres, a 9.5:1 compression ratio, and a maximum output of 365 PS (268 kW; 360 hp) at 9,800 rpm.^[2] Lamborghini was displeased with the engine's high revolutions and dry-sump lubrication system, both characteristic of the racing engines he specifically did not wish to use; when Bizzarrini refused to change the engine's design to make it more "well-mannered", Lamborghini refused to pay the agreed-upon fee of 4.5 million Italian lire (plus a bonus for every unit of brake horsepower the engine could produce over the equivalent Ferrari engine).^{[2] [3]} Lamborghini did not fully compensate the designer until ordered to do so by the courts,^[3] a terrific irony considering variants of Bizzarrini's V12 design were used by Lamborghini automobiles for nearly half a century, from 1963 to 2010.

The first Lamborghini chassis design was penned by Italian Gian Paolo Dallara of Ferrari and Maserati fame, together with a team that included Paolo Stanzani, then a recent college graduate and Bob Wallace, a New Zealander who was known at Maserati for his keen sense of chassis handling and excellent feedback and developmental skills.^{[3] [4]} The body was styled by the then-relatively unknown designer Franco Scaglione, who was selected by Ferruccio Lamborghini after passing over highly regarded names including Vignale, Ghia, Bertone, and Pininfarina.^[5]

Lamborghini designed and built the 350GTV in only four months, in time for an October unveiling at the 1963 Turin Motor Show.^[2] Due to the ongoing disagreement with engine designer Giotto Bizzarrini, a working powerplant was not available for the prototype car in time for the show. The car went on display in Turin without an engine under its hood; according to lore, Ferruccio Lamborghini had the engine bay filled with bricks so that the car would sit at an appropriate height above the ground, and made sure that the bonnet stayed closed to hide the missing engine.^{[3] [6]} The motoring press gave the 350GTV a warm response.^[2]

Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S.p.A. was officially incorporated on 30 October 1963.^{[7] [8]} Ferruccio Lamborghini purchased a 46,000 square metres (500,000 sq ft) property at Via Modena, 12, in the township of Sant'Agata Bolognese, less than 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Cento. This location was close to the centre of Italy's automobile industry and provided easy access to skilled labour and facilities. The township was chosen as the location for the factory due to a favorable financial agreement with the city's communist leadership, who promised Lamborghini a 19% interest rate on the company's profits when deposited in the bank, in addition to charging zero tax on the profits. As part of the agreement, the factory would be required to unionise its workers.^[9]

Carrozzeria Touring re-designed the body of the 350 GTV prototype for Lamborghini's first production vehicle, the 350 GT

Despite the favorable press reviews of the 350GTV, Ferruccio Lamborghini decided to rework the car for production as the design did not receive a much greater response from the general public. The production model, which would be called the 350GT, was restyled by Carrozzeria Touring of Milan, and a new chassis was constructed in-house. Bizzarrini's V12 engine would be detuned for mass production, rated at 284 PS (209 kW; 280 hp) rather than the designer's intended 365 PS (268 kW; 360 hp).^[10] The completed design debuted at the 1964 Geneva Motor Show, once again garnering positive reviews from the press. Production began shortly afterwards, and by the end of the year, cars had been built for 13 customers; Lamborghini sold each car at a loss in order to keep prices competitive with Ferrari's. The 350GT remained in production for a further two years, with a total of 120 cars sold.^[11]

1965–1966 – 400GT and Miura [edit]

The 400GT had the enlarged 3.9-litre V12 engine

The 400GT (2+2) was introduced in 1967, becoming the company's first four-seater model

In 1965, Gian Paolo Dallara made improvements to the Bizzarrini V12, increasing its displacement to 3.9 litres, and its power output to 324 PS (238 kW; 320 hp) at 6,500 rpm.^[11] The engine was first installed in the 400GT, essentially a 350GT with a larger engine. At the 1966 Geneva Auto Show, Lamborghini introduced the 400GT (2+2), a stretched revision of the 350GT/400GT that had 2+2 seating and other minor updates. The 400GT 2+2, like its predecessors, was well received by the motoring press.^[12] The revenue from sales of the 2+2 allowed Lamborghini to increase the labour force at his factory to 170 employees, and expand services offered to customers.^[11]

During 1965, Dallara, Stanzani, and Wallace invested their personal time into the development of a prototype car that they envisioned as a road car with racing pedigree, capable of winning on the track as well as being driven on the road by enthusiasts.^[4] They hoped to sway Ferruccio Lamborghini away from the opinion that such a car would be too expensive and distract from the company's focus. When finally brought aboard, Lamborghini allowed his engineers to go ahead, deciding that the car, known internally as the P400, would be useful as a potential marketing tool, if nothing more.

The P400 rolling chassis, having a transverse mid-engine layout was displayed at the 1965 Turin Motor Show

The Miura (P400) was added to the Lamborghini line-up in 1967

The car's rolling chassis, featuring an unusual transversely mounted mid-engine layout, was displayed at the Turin Salon in 1965, impressing showgoers. A version with bodywork styled by Bertone designer Marcello Gandini was finished only days before its debut at the 1966 Geneva motor show. As had happened three years earlier at the debut of the 350GTV, an ill-fitting engine meant the prototype's engine bay was filled with ballast, and the engine compartment was kept locked.^[13] The favorable reaction to the P400 at Geneva led Lamborghini to slate the car for production by 1967, under the name Miura. The Miura's layout and styling would become the standard for mid-engine two-seat high-performance sports cars,^[14] a trend that continues today.

Lamborghini now had an offering that positioned the fledgling automaker as a leader in the world of sports cars, while the 400GT was the sophisticated road car that Ferruccio Lamborghini had long desired to build. By end of 1966, the workforce at the Sant'Agata factory had expanded to 300, and enough deposits were made by prospective buyers to begin the final development of the Miura in 1967. The first four cars produced were kept at the factory, where Bob Wallace continued to improve and refine the car. By December, 108 cars had been delivered.^[15]

1967–1968 – Islero replaces 400GT, Stanzani replaces Dallara [edit]

The Islero was a sales disappointment, but faithful to Ferruccio's ideal of a reliable grand tourer

The design penned by Touring for the successor to the 400GT did not gain Lamborghini's approval

The design interpretation of the 400GT's successor crafted by Giorgio Neri and Luciano Bonacini was also rejected

The Miura P400S introduced in 1968, had a stiffened chassis and an upgraded engine

The Miura roadster introduced at the 1968 Brussels Motor Show failed to reach production stage

Production of the 400GT continued, with Ferruccio Lamborghini seeking to replace the four-year-old design. Lamborghini commissioned Touring, which had styled the 350GT and the 400GT, to design a possible replacement based on the same chassis. Touring's 400 GT Flying Star II did not win Lamborghini's approval. Giorgio Neri and Luciano Bonacini, of Neri and Bonacini coachbuilders in Modena, produced their own design, the 400GT Monza, which was rejected as well.^[16] Facing mounting financial difficulties, Touring would close its doors later that year.

Ferruccio Lamborghini turned to Bertone designer Mario Marazzi, who had formerly worked at Touring. Together with Lamborghini's engineers, he developed a four-seater concept named the Marzal. The car rode on a stretched version of the P400 chassis and was powered by an in-line six-cylinder engine that was made from one-half of Lamborghini's V12 design.^[17] Despite an innovative design that featured gullwing doors and enormous glass windows, Lamborghini rejected the design. Eventually, a toned-down version became the Islero 400GT. While the car was not the full four-seater that he desired, Ferruccio Lamborghini thought the car represented a well-developed gran turismo product.^[18] It failed to attract buyers, with only 125 cars produced between 1968 and 1969.^[19]

New versions of the Miura arrived in 1968; the Miura P400 S (more commonly known as the Miura S) had a stiffened chassis and more power, with the V12 engine now developing 375 PS (276 kW; 370 hp) at 7,000 rpm. At the 1968 Brussels auto show, the automaker unveiled the Miura P400 Roadster (more commonly called the Miura Spider), an open-top version of the coupé. Gandini, by now effectively the head of design at Bertone, had paid great attention to the details, particularly the problems of wind buffeting and noise insulation inherent to a roadster.^[20] For all of Gandini's hard work, sales manager Ubaldo Sgarzi was forced to turn potential buyers away, as Lamborghini and Bertone were unable to reach a consensus on the size of a theoretical roadster production run. The one-off Miura Spider was sold off to an American metal alloy supplier, who wanted to use it as a marketing device. 1968 was a positive time for all of Ferruccio's businesses, and Automobili delivered 353 cars over the course of the year.^[20]

External video
1968 video of the Sant'Agata factory, followed by 1969 footage of a drive in an Islero on YouTube

In August 1968, Gian Paolo Dallara, frustrated with Ferruccio Lamborghini's refusal to participate in motorsport, was recruited away from Sant'Agata to head the Formula One programme at rival automaker De Tomaso in Modena. With profits on the rise, a racing programme would have been a possibility, but Lamborghini remained against even the construction of prototypes, stating his mission as: "I wish to build GT cars without defects – quite normal, conventional but perfect – not a technical bomb."^[21] With cars like the 400GT and the Islero, his aim to establish himself and his cars as equal or superior to the works of Enzo Ferrari had been satisfied. Dallara's assistant, Paolo Stanzani, replaced him as technical director.^[22]

1969 – Espada and union trouble [edit]

The Espada was Lamborghini's first truly popular model, with more than 1,200 units sold during its ten years of production

The Jarama was a shortened, sportier version of the Espada developed to replace the unsuccessful Islero

Bertone was able to persuade Lamborghini to allow them to design a brand-new four-seater. The shape was penned by Marcello Gandini, and a bodyshell was delivered to Ferruccio for inspection. The businessman was less than pleased with the enormous gullwing doors that Gandini had included, and insisted that the car should have conventional doors instead.^[17] The car that resulted from the collaboration was debuted at the 1969 Geneva show with the name Espada, powered by a 3.9-litre, front-mounted evolution of the factory's V12, generating a power output of 330 PS (240 kW; 330 hp). The Espada was a success, with a total production run of 1,217 cars over ten years of production.^[18]

In 1969, Automobili Lamborghini encountered problems with its fully unionised work force, among which the machinists and fabricators had begun to take one-hour token stoppages as part of a national campaign due to strained relations between the metal workers' union and the Italian industry.^[22] Ferruccio Lamborghini, who often rolled up his sleeves and joined in the work on the factory floor, was able to motivate his staff to continue working towards their common goal despite the disruptions.

Throughout that year, Lamborghini's product range, then consisting of the Islero, the Espada, and the Miura S, received upgrades across the board, with the Miura receiving a power boost, the Islero being upgraded to the "S" trim, and the Espada gaining comfort and performance upgrades, which allowed it to reach speeds of up to 260 km/h (160 mph). The Islero was slated to be replaced by a shortened yet higher-performing version of the Espada, the Jarama 400GT. The 3.9-litre V12 was retained, its compression ratio increasing to 10.5:1.^[23]

1970–1971 – Jarama, Urraco, prototype Countach, and financial woes [edit]

The Urraco was the first clean-sheet Lamborghini design since the 350GTV

The Urraco was the first V8 powered Lamborghini production car

By the time the Jarama was unveiled at the 1970 Geneva Motor Show, Paolo Stanzani was at work on a new clean-sheet design, which would use no parts from previous Lamborghini cars. Changes in tax laws and a desire to make full use of the factory's manufacturing capacity meant that the Italian automaker would follow the direction taken by Ferrari, with its Dino 246 and Porsche, with its 911, and produce a smaller, V8-powered 2+2 car, the Urraco. The 2+2 body style was selected as a concession to practicality, with Ferruccio acknowledging that Urraco owners might have children. The single overhead cam V8 designed by Stanzani generated a power output of 223 PS (164 kW; 220 hp) at 5,000 rpm. Bob Wallace immediately began road testing and development; the car was to be presented at the 1970 Turin motor show.^[23]

The Miura SV was the final evolution of the Miura P400

In 1970, Lamborghini began development of a replacement for the Miura, which was a pioneering model, but had interior noise levels that Ferruccio Lamborghini found unacceptable and nonconforming to his brand philosophy.^[24] Engineers designed a new, longer chassis that placed the engine longitudinally, further away from the driver's seat. Designated the LP 500 for its 4.97-litre version of the company's V12, the prototype's body was styled by Marcello Gandini at Bertone. The car was presented at the 1971 Geneva Motor Show, alongside the final revision of the Miura, the P400 SuperVeloce. Completing the Lamborghini range were the Espada 2, the Urraco P250, and the Jarama GT.^[25]

As a world financial crisis began to take hold, Ferruccio Lamborghini's companies began to run into financial difficulties. In 1971, Lamborghini's tractor company, which exported around half of its production, ran into difficulties. Cento, Trattori's South African importer, cancelled all its orders. After staging a successful coup d'état, the new military government of Bolivia cancelled a large order of tractors that was partially ready to ship from Genoa. Trattori's employees, like Automobili's, were unionised and could not be laid off. In 1972, Lamborghini sold his entire holding in Trattori to SAME, another tractor builder.^{[26] [27] [28]}

1972 – Ferruccio sells control of the company [edit]

The entire Lamborghini group was now finding itself in financial troubles. Development at the automaker slowed; the production version of the LP 500 missed the 1972 Geneva Show, and only the P400 GTS version of the Jarama was on display. Faced with a need to cut costs, Paolo Stanzani set aside the LP 500's powerplant, slating a smaller, 4-litre engine for production.^[29] Ferruccio Lamborghini began courting buyers for Automobili; he entered negotiations with Georges-Henri Rossetti, a wealthy Swiss businessman and friend of Ferruccio's, as well as the owner of an Islero and an Espada.^[29] Ferruccio sold Rossetti 51% of the company for US$600,000, thereby relinquishing control of the automaker he had founded. He continued to work at the Sant'Agata factory; Rossetti rarely involved himself in Automobili's affairs.^[27]

1973–1977 – Rossetti [edit]

The 1973 oil crisis plagued the sales of high performance cars from manufacturers around the world; the rising price of oil caused governments to mandate new fuel economy laws, and consumers to seek smaller, more practical modes of transportation. Sales of Lamborghini's exotic sports cars, propelled by high-powered engines with high fuel consumption, suffered. The political unrest in late-seventies Italy was also a contributing factor, with the domestic market collapsing as well-heeled customers chose less ostentatious cars after a number of high-profile kidnappings and assassinations.^[30]

In 1974, Ferruccio Lamborghini sold his remaining 49% stake in Lamborghini Automobili to René Leimer, a friend of Georges-Henri Rossetti.^[31]

Having severed all connections with the cars and tractors that bore his name, Lamborghini retired to an estate on the shores of Lake Trasimeno, in the province of Perugia in central Italy, where he would remain until his death.^[32]

The Countach, which replaced the Espada as Lamborghini's best-selling car, was in production from 1974 to 1988

The Silhouette, introduced in 1971 proved to be a sales disaster due to its poor build quality

The car shown as the LP 500 in 1971 entered production in 1974 as the Countach LP 400, powered by a smaller, 4.0-litre V12. The first production model was delivered in 1974. In 1976, the Urraco P300 was reworked into the Silhouette, featuring a targa top and a 3.0-litre V8. Its build quality, reliability, and ergonomics all worked against it, as did the fact that it could only be imported into the U.S. via the "grey market". Only 54 were produced.^[33] The Countach was also hampered by its lack of direct participation in the American market until the LP 500S version, introduced in 1982.

At the 1977 Geneva Motor Show, Lamborghini unveiled its first prototype military vehicle, the "Cheetah", powered by a rear-mounted Chrysler V8 engine. However, the only prototype was not destroyed during testing as rumoured,^[34] but performed poorly and as such lost the contract. The resources used to develop the Cheetah were diverted from the BMW M1 which ultimately led to the cancellation of the contract from BMW.^{[ citation needed ]}

1978–1986 – Bankruptcy and Mimran [edit]

The Jalpa, an update of the failed Silhouette, was the only new car introduced during receivership

The Countach LP500 S was the first Countach variant to be officially sold in the U.S.

The LM002 sport-utility vehicle was introduced under Mimran ownership

As the years passed, Lamborghini's situation worsened; the company entered bankruptcy in 1978, and the Italian courts took control.^[35] In 1980, the Swiss brothers Jean-Claude and Patrick Mimran,^[35] famed food entrepreneurs^[36] with a passion for sports cars, were appointed to administer the company during its receivership. During administration, the automaker reworked the failed Silhouette into the Jalpa, which was powered by a 3.5-litre V8 that had been modified by former Maserati great, Giulio Alfieri. More successful than the Silhouette, the Jalpa came closer to achieving the goal of a more affordable, livable version of the Countach.^[33] The Countach was also updated, finally allowing it to be sold in the U.S. with the introduction of the LP 500S model in 1982.^[33]

By 1980, the company was officially in the hands of the Patrick Mimran as CEO. He began a comprehensive restructuring programme, injecting large amounts of capital into the floundering automaker. The Sant'Agata facilities were rehabilitated, and a worldwide hiring campaign to find new engineering and design talent began in earnest.^[31]

The immediate results of the investment were good. The Countach LP 5000 Quattrovalvole, whose engine generated a power output of 455 PS (335 kW; 449 hp), was introduced in 1984; further work on the failed Cheetah project resulted in the introduction of the LM002 sport utility vehicle in 1986. The company, looking towards the foreseeable future, displayed the Countach Evoluzione, a prototype sports car almost completely made of carbon fibre, to the international press in 1987. The Evoluzione was shown during its testing schedule, which ended with its destruction in a crash test.^[37] In 1987, Patrick Mimran decided to sell the company to Chrysler Corporation.^[31]

1987–1993 – Chrysler [edit]

The 25th Anniversary Edition introduced in 1988 was the final evolution of the aging Countach

Forghieri designed a V12 engine for Lamborghini's Formula 1 venture

On 24 April 1987, in an acquisition spearheaded by Chrysler chairman Lee Iacocca, Chrysler Corporation took control of Nuova Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S.p.A., paying US$25.2 million to the Mimrans.^{[38] [39] [Notes 1]} The Mimran brothers were the only owners of Lamborghini to ever make money owning the company at the time, having sold it for many times the dollar amount they paid for it six years earlier.^[39]

Iacocca, who had previously orchestrated a near-miraculous turnaround of Chrysler after the company nearly fell into bankruptcy, carried out his decision to purchase Lamborghini with no challenges from the board of directors. Chrysler executives were appointed to Lamborghini's board, but many of Lamborghini's key members remained in managing positions, including Alfieri, Marmiroli, Venturelli, Ceccarani and Ubaldo Sgarzi, who continued in his role as head of the sales department.^[40] To begin its revival, Lamborghini received a cash injection of US$50 million from its new owner.^[31] Chrysler was interested in entering the "extra premium" sports car market, which Chrysler estimated at about 5,000 cars per year, worldwide. Chrysler aimed to produce a car to compete with the Ferrari 328 by 1991,^[40] and also wanted the Italians to produce an engine that could be used in a Chrysler car for the American market.

Chrysler made the decision to take the company into motorsport for the first time; the effort to develop engines for Grand Prix teams would be known as Lamborghini Engineering S.p.A. The new division was based in Modena, and was given an initial budget of US$5 million.^[41] Danielle Audetto was chosen to be the manager and Emile Novaro the president; their first recruit was Mauro Forghieri, a man with a stellar reputation in the world of motorsport, who had formerly managed Ferrari's Formula 1 team. Forghieri set about designing a 3.5-litre V12 engine, independent of road-car engine design undertaken at Sant'Agata.^[42]

The 1985 Lamborghini P132 prototype designed by Marcello Gandini

The Diablo was the fastest car in production when it was introduced in 1990

At the time, Lamborghini was working on a successor to the Countach, the Diablo. The Diablo's original design had been penned by Marcello Gandini, the veteran who had penned the exterior appearances of the Miura and the Countach while working for coachbuilder Bertone. However, Chrysler executives, unimpressed with Gandini's work, commissioned the American car-maker's own design team led by Tom Gale to execute a third extensive redesign of the car's body, smoothing out the trademark sharp edges and corners of Gandini's original design; Gandini was unimpressed with the finished product.^{[43] [44]} The Diablo had been intended for introduction in time for September 1988, when Lamborghini would celebrate its 25th anniversary; once it was clear that mark would be missed, a final version of the Countach was rushed into production instead.^[45]

The 1987 P140 project was started to replace the Jalpa

By the end of 1987, Emile Novaro had returned from his long recovery, and used his authority to halt Chrysler's increasing interference in the development of the Diablo. Much to the chagrin of the Fighting Bull, Chrysler exhibited a four-door concept car at the Frankfurt Auto Show, badged as a 'Chrysler powered by Lamborghini'. The Portofino was poorly received by the motoring press and Lamborghini's employees alike, but it went on to become the inspiration for the Dodge Intrepid sedan.^[46]

In April 1988, the Bertone Genesis, a Quattrovalvole V12-powered, Lamborghini-branded vehicle resembling a minivan was debuted at the Turin motor show. The unusual car, intended to gauge public reactions, was abandoned, a misfit in both Lamborghini's and Chrysler's product ranges. The Genesis had been commissioned alongside the new "baby Lambo" that would replace the Jalpa, occupying the then-empty space below the Diablo in Lamborghini's lineup. The project had been allocated a $25 million budget, with the prospect of selling more than 2,000 cars per year.^[46]

The Diablo was unveiled to the public on 21 January 1990, at an event at the Hotel de Paris in Monte Carlo. The Diablo was the fastest car in production in the world at the time,^{[ citation needed ]} and sales were so brisk that Lamborghini began to turn a profit. The company's U.S. presence had previously consisted of a loosely affiliated and disorganized private dealer network; Chrysler established an efficient franchise with full service and spare parts support. The company also began to develop its V12 engines for powerboat racing. Profits increased past the $1 million mark in 1991, and Lamborghini enjoyed a positive era.^[31]

The uptick in fortunes was to be brief; in 1992, sales crashed, as the US$239,000 Diablo proved ultimately to be inaccessible to American enthusiasts. With Lamborghini bleeding money, Chrysler decided that the automaker was no longer producing enough cars to justify its investment.

1994–1997 – Indonesian and Malaysian Ownership [edit]

The 1997 Acosta was the first prototype developed under the P147/L147 programme

Setiawan Djody also owned sports car maker Vector and hoped that Lamborghini and Vector would collaborate to the benefit of both companies. The Vector M12 pictured here has a Lamborghini V12 engine and is based on the Diablo

The 1997 Canto was the second prototype developed under the P147/L147 programme

The 1995 Calà was built on the previous Gandini-styled P140 prototype.

Chrysler began looking for someone to take Lamborghini off its hands, and found it in a holding company called MegaTech. The company was registered in Bermuda and wholly owned by Indonesian conglomerate SEDTCO Pty., headed by businessmen Setiawan Djody and Tommy Suharto, the youngest son of then-Indonesian President Suharto. By February 1994, after US$40 million had changed hands, Lamborghini had left American ownership, and MegaTech took over the automaker, its Modena racing engine factory, and the American dealer interest, Lamborghini USA.^{[31] [47]} Djody, who also owned a 35% stake in troubled American sports car manufacturer Vector Motors, thought Vector and Lamborghini might be able to collaborate to improve their output. Michael J. Kimberly, formerly of Lotus, Jaguar and executive vice-president of General Motors, was appointed president and managing director. After reviewing the entire Lamborghini operation, Kimberly concluded that the company needed to expand its offerings from more than just one or two models, and provide a car accessible to American car enthusiasts. He implemented a marketing strategy to raise awareness of Lamborghini's heritage and mystique. In 1995, Lamborghini produced a hit, when the Diablo was updated to the top-end SuperVeloce model. But in 1995, even as sales were climbing, the company was restructured, with Tommy Suharto's V'Power Corporation holding a 60% interest, MyCom Bhd., a Malaysian company controlled by Jeff Yap, holding the other 40%.^[31]

Never leaving the red despite its increase in sales, in November 1996 Lamborghini hired Vittorio di Capua as president and CEO, hoping that the veteran of more than 40 years at auto giant Fiat S.p.A. could finally make the sports car maker profitable again. Di Capua immediately launched cost-cutting measures, letting go of a number of company executives and consultants, and overhauling production in order to achieve a 50 percent gain in productivity. In 1997, Lamborghini finally passed its break-even point, selling 209 cars, thirteen more than it needed to be profitable. Di Capua also leveraged the Lamborghini name and identity, implementing aggressive merchandising and licensing deals. Development of the "baby Lambo" finally began, moving forward with a US$100 million budget.^[31]

1998–Present – Audi [edit]

1998–2007 – Reorganisation, Murciélago, and Gallardo [edit]

The Diablo would be Lamborghini's mainstay throughout the '90s; it was continually updated throughout the various changes in ownership

The financial crisis that gripped Asia in July of that year set the stage for another ownership change. The new chairman of Volkswagen AG, Ferdinand Piëch, grandson of Volkswagen's founder, Ferdinand Porsche, went on a buying spree through 1998, purchasing Bentley, Bugatti and Lamborghini. Volkswagen subsidiary Audi AG acquired Lamborghini in September 1998 for around US$110 million.^[48] Audi spokesman Juergen de Graeve told the Wall Street Journal that Lamborghini "could strengthen Audi's sporty profile, and on the other hand Lamborghini could benefit from [Audi's] technical expertise."^[31]

The troubled Italian automaker was reorganised, becoming restructured into a holding company, Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., with Audi president Franz-Josef Paefgen as its chairman. Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. became a subsidiary of the holding company, allowing it to focus specifically on designing and building cars while separate interests took care of the company's licensing deals and marine engine manufacturing. Vittorio Di Capua originally remained in charge, but eventually resigned in June 1999. He was replaced by Giuseppe Greco, another industry veteran with experience at Fiat, Alfa Romeo, and Ferrari. The Diablo's final evolution, the GT, was introduced in 1999 but not exported to the U.S. due to its low-volume production thus making it uneconomical to go through the process of gaining emissions and crashworthiness approval. During the Diablo's 11-year series production run, Lamborghini produced 2,900 examples.^[49]

The Murciélago, the culmination of the L147 project, replaced a decade-old Diablo flagship

In much the same way that American ownership had influenced the design of the Diablo, Lamborghini's new German parent played a large role in the development of the Diablo's replacement. The first new Lamborghini in more than a decade, known internally as Project L147, represented the rebirth of Lamborghini, and was named, fittingly, for the bull that originally sired the Miura line and had inspired Ferruccio Lamborghini almost 40 years before: Murciélago. The new flagship car was styled by Belgian Luc Donckerwolke, Lamborghini's new head of design.

The racing variants of the Murciélago built by Reiter Engineering would enjoy success in motorsports

The Murciélago was updated in 2005, now having a more powerful engine generating 640 PS (471 kW; 631 hp) and being named the LP 640, thus marking the return of the LP (Longitudinal Posteriore) naming convention. The new model would also mark the debut of the new single-clutch transmission called E Gear which used pedals mounted on the steering column to change gears. This transmission would eventually replace the manual transmission in the coming years. The Murciélago was not meant to compete in racing events but privateer racing teams would develop their own racing variants which would prove successful in motorsports.

The "Baby Lambo" originally envisioned under the Mimran ownership, was introduced in 2003 as the Gallardo

Under German ownership, Lamborghini found stability that it had not seen in many years. In 2003, Lamborghini followed up the Murciélago with the smaller, V10-equipped Gallardo, intended to be more accessible and more livable than the Murciélago. The Gallardo would spawn several variants in the subsequent years of production which included the Spyder (convertible version), the Balboni (a low cost, rear-wheel-drive variant) and the Superleggera (a lighter and powerful track-focused version).

In 2007, Wolfgang Egger was appointed as the new head of design of Audi and Lamborghini, replacing Walter de'Silva, who was responsible for the design of only one car during his appointment, the Miura Concept of 2006.

2008–2010 – Reventón, production peak, end of Murciélago production run, Gallardo update [edit]

Towards the end of the 2000s (decade), Lamborghini produced a number of revisions of the Murciélago and Gallardo. Lamborghini introduced the Reventón, a limited-edition derivative of the Murciélago featuring a newly designed body with more angular styling, and a roadster the following year. The final update to the Murciélago came in 2009 with the introduction of the LP 670–4 SV ("SuperVeloce").

The Murciélago LP670-4 SV was the final evolution of the Murciélago

After ten years of Murciélago series production, Lamborghini produced the 4,000th example, an LP 670–4 SV destined for China, in February 2010.^[50] Lamborghini produced the last Murciélago, number 4,099 on 11 May 2010, but did not officially mark the end of production until six months later on 5 November 2010.^[51]

The Gallardo was updated in 2008 and was now more powerful and responsive than the outgoing version

The Gallardo received a facelift in 2008, now having a more aggressive design and new LED head lamps and tail lamps, inline with Lamborghini's new design language. The engine was also overhauled, now being a 5.2-litre uneven firing unit and generating 560 PS (412 kW; 552 hp) in the base model, which was called the LP 560-4. The variants would follow up with the update as well and the Gallardo would now use the company's new single-clutch E Gear transmission debuted on the Murciélago LP 640.^[52]

Lamborghini achieved its highest ever yearly sales figure in 2008, selling 2,430 vehicles.^[53] During this decade the Asia-Pacific market became more important to the company's sales performance, growing to represent 25 percent of Lamborghini's overall worldwide sales.^{[ citation needed ]} Despite the strength of the Asia-Pacific market, the effects of the world financial crisis that began in 2007 caused Lamborghini's sales to drop almost 50% below their 2008 peak to 1,515 vehicles in 2009^[54] and 1,302 vehicles in 2010.^[55] CEO Stephan Winkelmann predicted in 2009 that poor sales figures for sports cars would continue through 2011;^[56] history would prove him right.^[57]

2011–present – Aventador, end of Gallardo production, Huracán and Urus [edit]

The Murciélago was replaced by the angular styled Aventador in 2011

The Aventador, the 700 PS (690 hp; 515 kW) replacement for the Murciélago, debuted on 1 March 2011 at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show. The Aventador was the first new Lamborghini Automobile in 10 years having an angular design language and an entirely new V12 engine thus signifying the retirement of the original Lamborghini V12 engine designed by Giotto Bizzarrini.^{[58] [59]}

The Aventador would continue to evolve in its production years, with a roadster version introduced in 2012 having two removable roof panels.^[60]

The radically styled Veneno would continue the tradition set by the Reventón

In 2013, the Veneno was introduced which was Lamborghini's interpretation of a racing prototype meant for the road. The sharp, angular designed body was based around the Aventador's monocoque and mechanical components. A roadster variant would follow up in 2014, fewer than 10 units would be sold at US$4,500,000 each, making it one of the most expensive Lamborghini automobiles ever produced.^[61]

In 2013, Lamborghini celebrated its 50th anniversary by introducing a special model of the Aventador, the Aventador LP 720-4 50° Anniversario. 200 units in total of coupé and roadster variants were produced. As the name signifies, the engine was upgraded to generate 720 PS (530 kW; 710 hp). The body work was also modified and the car had new front and rear bumpers along with special exterior colours.^{[62] [63]}

The Aventador SV would continue the legacy of the Super Veloce name, introduced by the Miura

The Centenario was the celebration of the 100th birthday of the company's founder, Ferruccio Lamborghini

The Aventador S, replacing the Aventador used an all-new design language along with new wheel designs

The SVJ is the ultimate current iteration of the Aventador

In 2015, a light weight, powerful and trackfocused iteration of the Aventador called the Aventador SV (Super Veloce) was introduced. The Aventador SV featured more aggressive bumpers and power was increased from 700PS[690hp] to 750PS[740hp]. The SV would also spawn a roadster variant introduced later that year. It would ultimately be discontinued in 2017.^[64]

The Centenario introduced in 2016 was a celebration of Ferruccio Lamborghini's 100th birthday. It would follow up the principles set by the Veneno using an even aggressive design language in its own right. The car saw the use of the world's largest rear diffusers ever incorporated into a production automobile. The Centenario saw the debut of Lamborghini's four-wheel steering system and torque vectoring. A Roadster version would follow up later in the year, 40 units of the Centenario were produced in total.

The Aventador was updated in 2017 and was now called the Aventador S LP 740-4. The engine was modified and now generated a power output of 740 PS (544 kW; 730 hp). The Roadster variant would also be updated as well. The four-wheel steering and torque vectoring system would also be used on the S version aside from exterior updates.

The ultimate track focused iteration of the Aventador called the Aventador Super Veloce Jota (SVJ) was introduced in 2018 and used Lamborghini's Aerodynamica Lamborghini Attiva (ALA) system which uses active aerodynamics to increase downforce generated by the car. The SVJ generates 40 percent more downforce than the SV. It also reclaimed the Nurbürgring Nordschleife lap record form the Porsche 911 GT2 RS by setting a lap time of 6:44.97 with Lamborghini test driver Marco Mapelli behind the wheel achieved by using the Pirelli Trofeo R tyres available with the car as an option.^{[65] [66]}

Lamborghini introduced the Lamborghini Gallardo LP 570–4 Super Trofeo Stradale at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show.^[67]

The Sesto Elemento was based on the Gallardo Superleggera

In 2012–2013, towards the end of its production, subsequent limited editions of the Gallardo would be unveiled, including the Sesto Elemento (Sixth Element), a limited edition car based on the Gallardo Superleggera with a newly designed body and aesthetics for track use only.

Production of the Gallardo ended on 25 November 2013, after 14,022 examples had been produced. At the time of its discontinuation, the Gallardo was the highest selling Lamborghini model, with almost half of all Lamborghini automobiles ever produced being Gallardos.^[68]

The Huracàn would replace the most successful Lamborghini model in history, the Gallardo

The Gallardo's replacement, the Huracán LP610-4, was announced in December 2013, and made its worldwide debut at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show.^[69] The Huracán presents significant improvements over the Gallardo, such as a power output increase to 610 PS (602 hp; 449 kW), a 0–97 km/h (0–60 mph) time of 3.2 seconds, a top speed of 325 km/h (202 mph) and the use of a dual-clutch transmission. The convertible version, called the Huracán Spyder would follow up at the 2015 Frankfurt Motor Show^[70] followed up by the low cost, rear wheel drive LP580-2 coupé and convertible models in 2016, having the V10 engines detuned to 580 PS (572 hp; 427 kW) while remaining in par with performance as the "base" LP610-4 models.^[71] The most powerful iteration of the Huracán, the LP640-4 Performante, was unveiled at the 2017 Geneva Motor Show having the power increased to 640 PS (631 hp; 471 kW) and using the forged carbon fibre body components from the Sesto Elemento in order to achieve a 0–97 km/h (0–60 mph) time of 2.9 seconds and a top speed as high as 351 km/h (218 mph).^[72] along with achieving a lap time of 6:52.01 on the Nürburgring Nordschleife,^[73] with Marco Mapelli behind the wheel, making it one of the world's fastest production car around the track, only to be beaten by the Porsche 911 GT2 RS later that year which set a lap time of 6:47.03^[74]

The Urus is the second off-road vehicle produced by the company since the LM002

Introduced as a concept at the 2012 Pebble Beach Concours D'Elegance, the Urus would be unveiled in its production form in 2017. It would be the second off-road vehicle produced by the company since the LM002 which was introduced under the Mimran ownership. The Urus is based on a Volkswagen platform and shares its engine with the Porsche Cayenne but uses its own distinctive technologies such as using the biggest carbon ceramic brakes to ever be fitted on a vehicle. The Urus was first styled as a concept by Fillipo Perini, the company's former chief designer but would later be refined by Mitja Borkert, the current chief designer of Lamborghini. The design language of the Urus is heavily influenced by the Aventador.

The Sián would mark the return to the aggressive wedge shape design language and had a tail-light design inspired by the Countach

On 3 September 2019, Lamborghini would unveil its first hybrid automobile called the Sián FKP 37. The first half of the name meant "flash of lightning" in Italian, a name befitting to the new model due to the technology it used while the second half was a tribute to late Volkswagen Group Chairman Ferdinand Piëch with "FKP" being the initials of his name and "37" being the last two digits of his birth year. The Sián used the ultimate iteration of the V12 engine from the Aventador SVJ, but would combine it with an electric motor powered by a supercapacitor (in essence, an enlarged version of the supercapacitor used in the Aventador's starter motor) to store energy. The supercapacitor was used due to its ability to more efficiently store electrical energy than a conventional lithium ion battery. The capacitors would be charged by the car's regenerative braking system instead of a conventional power outlet. While the role of electric motor would be limited to only aid in parking the car and to counter the effects of deceleration, the Sián FKP 37 would be the brand's first entry in the more mainstream hybrid market and would proclaim itself to be the most powerful Lamborghini automobile.^{[75] [76]}

In July 2020, the company announced the production of the 10,000th unit of the Urus.^[77]

See also [edit]

• Ford Motor Company
• Automobili Turismo e Sport
• Bizzarrini
• De Tomaso
• Iso Rivolta
• List of Lamborghini automobiles

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Jolliffe and Willard state that Chrysler Corporation acquired Lamborghini for US$25.2 million; Holusha reports a figure closer to US$25 million.

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Sackey 2008, p. 15.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 25.
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Sackey 2008, p. 16.
4. ^ ^{a b} Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 29.
5. ^ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 24.
6. ^ "Widescreen Action". Classic and Sportscar. July 1996. Archived from the original on 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2014-06-21 .
7. ^ Lyons et al. 1988, p. 8.
8. ^ Sackey 2008, p. 14.
9. ^ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 20.
10. ^ DeMatio 2003.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 28.
12. ^ "Lamborghini 400GT: One Drive and Everyone had a New Favorite Car". Road & Track. 18 (4). December 1966.
13. ^ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 31.
14. ^ Top Gear Episode 4, spoken by Richard Hammond.
15. ^ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 36.
16. ^ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 37.
17. ^ ^{a b} Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 38.
18. ^ ^{a b} Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 39.
19. ^ "Lamborghini Islero 400GT". Lamborghiniregistry.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
20. ^ ^{a b} Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 40.
21. ^ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 41.
22. ^ ^{a b} Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 42.
23. ^ ^{a b} Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 43.
24. ^ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 44.
25. ^ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 45.
26. ^ Gruppo SAME Deutz-Fahr 2012.
27. ^ ^{a b} Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 48.
28. ^ Henshaw 2002, p. 291.
29. ^ ^{a b} Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 46.
30. ^ Armstrong, Douglas (July 1979). "European Letter". SA Motor. Randburg, South Africa: SA Motor (Pty) Ltd. 17 (7): 9.
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32. ^ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, pp. 47–49.
33. ^ ^{a b c} Lawrence 1996, p. 183.
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37. ^ Frère 1988, pp. 49, 53.
38. ^ Holusha 1987.
39. ^ ^{a b} Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 82.
40. ^ ^{a b} Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 86.
41. ^ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 88.
42. ^ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 90.
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47. ^ Neher 1994.
48. ^ Volkswagen AG 2012, p. 68. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVolkswagen_AG2012 (help)
49. ^ Ireson 2010.
50. ^ Ireson 2010; Woodyard 2010.
51. ^ Welsh 2010.
52. ^ "Geneva 2008: Gallardo LP560-4 live and drool whorthy". Autoblog. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
53. ^ AUDI AG 2009, p. 4. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAUDI_AG2009 (help)
54. ^ AUDI AG 2010, p. 4. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAUDI_AG2010 (help)
55. ^ AUDI AG 2011, p. 151. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAUDI_AG2011 (help)
56. ^ Winterbottom 2009.
57. ^ AUDI AG 2012, p. 154. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAUDI_AG2012 (help)
58. ^ Berkowitz, Justin (14 December 2010). "2012 Lamborghini Aventador LP700-4 Prototype Photos – Future Cars". Hearst Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012. ...Lamborghini's brimstone-respiring Murciélago replacement—which is all but guaranteed to be called the Aventador LP700-4.
59. ^ "Aventador LP 700–4 Technical Specifications". lamborghini.com. Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. Archived from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
60. ^ Sanchez, Edward A. "First Look:2013 Lamborghini Aventador LP 700-4 Roadster". Motor Trend. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
61. ^ Henry, Jim (19 December 2013). "10 Most Expensive Cars Of 2014: Keeping Up With The 1 Percent". Forbes . Retrieved 1 July 2015.
62. ^ "2014 LP 720-4 Announced". 17 April 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
63. ^ Ramsey, Jonathon (20 April 2013). "2013 Lamborghini Aventador LP720-4 50 Anniversario is indeed worth celebrating - Autoblog". Auto Blog . Retrieved 30 December 2018.
64. ^ Ireson, Nelson (4 March 2015). "Lamborghini Aventador LP 750-4 SuperVeloce Revealed In Geneva". Motor Authority. US. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
65. ^ Silvestero, Brian (26 July 2018). "Damn: Lamborghini Aventador SVJ Breaks Nurburgring Record With a 6:44.97 Lap". Road and Track magazine. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
66. ^ Rosenholtz, Jared (24 August 2018). "It's Finally Here! The Record Holding Lamborghini Aventador SVJ". carbuzz. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
67. ^ Glucker, Jeff (12 September 2011). "Report: Limited-edition hardcore Lamborghini Gallardo 570–4 Super Trofeo Stradale leaks out". autoblog.com. AOL Inc. Archived from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
68. ^ Knapman, Chris (26 November 2013). "Lamborghini Gallardo production ends". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
69. ^ Estrada, Zac (20 December 2013). "The Lamborghini Huracan LP610-4 Is The Most Advanced Lambo Ever". Jalopnik. Gawker Media. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
70. ^ "2016 Lamborghini Huracan LP 610-4". Lamborghini S.p.A . Retrieved 2018-01-24 .
71. ^ "Less is more in the tail-happy Huracan LP 580-2, a Lambo designed to drift". Digital Trends . Retrieved 2016-01-24 .
72. ^ Stocksdale, Joel (2017-03-06). "This is the fully uncovered Lamborghini Huracán Performante". AutoBlog . Retrieved 2017-03-06 .
73. ^ Lamborghini (2017-03-01). Lamborghini Huracán Performante record at the Nürburgring . Retrieved 2017-03-12 .
74. ^ "Porsche 911 GT2 RS breaks Nürburgring record with 6:47.3 lap time". MotorMag.com.au . Retrieved 2017-09-27 .
75. ^ Page, Felix (3 September 2019). "Lamborghini uncovers 808bhp Sian as first hybrid model". Autocar. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
76. ^ Atiyeh, Clifford (3 September 2019). "Lamborghini Sián Kicks Off Lambo's Hybrid Era with 807 HP and a 218-MPH Top Speed". Car & Driver. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
77. ^ Dobie, Stephen (22 July 2020). "This is already the 10,000th Lamborghini Urus". Top Gear. Retrieved 28 July 2020.

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2014 Lamborghini Aventador Lp720 4 50th Anniversario

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lamborghini

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